Animal Cells Essays - Organelles, Cell, Endoplasmic Reticulum

Animal Cells ANIMAL CELLS My cell is the animal cell It really depends on which cell you are talking about - different cells do different things. Such as skin cells. They form a barrier on the outside of the body which protects the organs and tissues inside. It stops them getting damaged by bumps and knocks and also prevents bacteria and viruses from getting into your body. The cells structure, contains the Cell Membrane keeping the cell together and controlling what substances go in and out, Cytoplasm is the water-rich matrix within a cell that contains and surrounds the other cell contents. Nucleolus is a small region that is made up of RNA and protiens,it also produces ribosomes. Mitochondria burns food molecules to release energy. This energy is used by cells to do work. This work may be building new molecules which have a particular function in the body, or it may be to produce movement. Ribosomes are often attached along the length of the ER. These manufacture proteins which pass into the i nner part of the tube they might have sugars of fats added and they fold up into the shape they need to be to carry out their function. Rough and Smoth ER. is the sythesis of proteins or transportation materials through the cell Rough ER is rought because ribosomes are stuck to its surface which gies it a rough apperance. New protiens are inserted into the rougth ER there they may be chenimcaly modified. the Smooth ER are sacks that look smooth and are not studded in which chemicals and enzymes are stored.Goli Apparatus modifies and collects and distributes molecules made at one end of the cell and used in another. Lysosomes are bags of destructive enzymes which are produced by the cell to break down complex molecules. Vacuoles are sack that store water,salts, proteins and carbohydrates.Centriole is a structure that comains microtubule protein called tubulin.cytoskeloten is a web of fibres which provide a sort of scaffolding for the cell, keepings its shape and supporting the organe lles which are inside. Cell Wall help protect the the cell from what is outside of the cell and also supports the cell. I hoped you learned alot about the animal cell I enjoyed learning about it and wish that I could of spent more time on the project and it is also amazing that we started life being no bigger than a period on this report. And that how important cells are to our life. Science

Writing About Dogs

Writing About Dogs Writing About Dogs Writing About Dogs By Maeve Maddox A question that appears frequently on language sites is, â€Å"How do you capitalize the name of a dog breed? For example, German Shepherd or German shepherd?† My answer is, â€Å"It depends on your intended audience.† If you are writing for a general readership, you may as well follow the recommendations of the AP Stylebook and capitalize only those parts of the name that derive from a proper noun, as in these examples: German shepherd Labrador retriever Boston terrier Dandie Dinmont terrier Chihuahua basset hound dachshund schnauzer shih tzu If you choose to follow a style guide based on the MLA (Modern Language Association) Handbook, you might reduce even more of the breed name to lowercase: chihuahua pekingese rottweiler weimeraner german shepherd If, however, you are writing for an audience of readers who know something about dog breeds, you will think twice about using the term â€Å"German shepherd.† As one journalist who writes about dogs points out, The official name of a particular herding dog is German Shepherd Dog. Capitalizing each word helps to make that clear. Saying German shepherd dog could refer to any German-bred herding dog. Or, a reader could wonder why the word dog was even included, as many people just say German Shepherd, leaving off the last word of the breeds official name. Susan Ewing, â€Å"AP Style doesn’t work for dog breeds,† The Post-Journal, Jamestown, NY. A journalist following AP style would not capitalize basenji or every word in â€Å"Australian cattle dog,† but here are two extracts from articles written for publications aimed at dog owners: Take Whisper, a 3-year-old Australian Cattle Dog. Her first owners had no idea she was deaf, so pegged her as a â€Å"stubborn puppy† for not coming when called. First, the Basenji needs companionship and will not be happy left to exist on the fringes of your family’s day-to-day activities. As might be expected, the AKC (American Kennel Club) capitalizes every word in the name of a dog breed. In writing for a general audience, there’s no reason not to put generic words like spaniel, terrier, retriever, setter, and collie in lowercase, but an across-the-board ruling against capitalizing any word that does not derive from a proper noun has its drawbacks. To be in strict compliance with AP style would I have to write, â€Å"black Russian terrier† and â€Å"west highland white terrier† instead of â€Å"Black Russian terrier† and â€Å"West Highland White terrier†? What about â€Å"Cavalier King Charles Spaniel†? Should that be â€Å"cavalier King Charles spaniel†? AP style regarding the capitalization of dog breeds provides a useful baseline, but writers need to be willing to temper the recommendation with judgment. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Using "a" and "an" Before WordsBetween vs. In BetweenThe Two Sounds of G

Management alternatives Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Management alternatives - Essay Example This manifests that Sirkin et al’s DICE is not just any other theory concocted by the fancy of academicians but in fact have in fact proved to be grounded on reality. The article focused on the importance of the hard side of change management which could be directly or indirectly quantified as a critical factor in the success of change management over soft side (communication, motivation, etch). The article stressed that the hard factors should be addressed first because failure to address such will result in failure that soft initiatives of change could not even take off because the initiative has already failed. The recommendations/conclusion to address change was also realistic and cognizant of the problems which change initiatives faces in the real world that is why it resulted to an overwhelming success when applied to the real world. The article however was published in 2005 and discussed a study that was conducted in 1992 and completed in 1994. While the change manageme nt approach of DICE was unquestionably successful, it was conducted aeon ago. It goes without saying that the business reality today is way different compared to 1994. Businesses today are already globalized and highly competitive where customers are increasingly getting sophisticated to name few changes in business environment that is different when Sirkin et al’s study was conducted. Thus, the study may have been more relevant if a revisit or a review on its efficacy was conducted to check if it is still valid in today’s present reality. The article could have been timely if it had integrated more recent studies about change management. One of those more recent studies is the Murthy’s concept of change management that dealt with the soft factors of change management which Sirkin et al touched in their articles. The article focused on the importance of people in implementing change in any business organization because â€Å"it is the people who will ultimately cause the change to be a success or a failure. The implications of change on individuals are important without which we can never really hope to manage large scale change effectively† (Murthy 2007: 23). According to Murthy, to effectively implement individual change, there are four approaches to make such change successful; they are behavioral, cognitive and psychodynamic. Murthy’s behavioral approach is to make the reward strategies right to make individuals receptive to change. Basically this entails understanding how individuals perceive change and to understand what makes an individual tick. These approaches are important because without understanding an individual’s behavior, no amount of reward strategy can be successful. The cognitive approach is to link goals to motivation. When an individual is already understood on how he or she perceives change and has already identified the factors that will motivate the individual to be receptive to change, such wil lingness to adapt to change should be aligned with the organizational goals. The psychodynamic approach is to treat people as individuals and understand their emotional states as well as your own (Murthy 2007). Simply put, treat others in the same manner we would like to

Analyze two poems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Analyze two poems - Essay Example Poems have particular structures and require the appropriate utilization of language in order to depict the feelings of the poet but still maintain the basic poetic nature. Such features do not change and has not changed through time since the earliest poets such John Donne employed them in their poems and so are the modern day poets as discussed in the essay below. Poems tell stories by addressing specific features of the society. They do these by analyzing the social occurrences in the form of thematic issues, which the poets analyze poetically and represent in their works while maintaining the relativity of thought and feelings enjoyed by artists. John Donne did this in his two works in which he portrays several thematic issues. In The Legacy, the poet discussed the gravity of separation, relationships break, and families separate for different reasons. Such separations are always sad and emotion. The pot discusses this using several social factors which he feels best describe the feelings people have whoever separated by their loved ones (Donne 31). Among the social factors, he sues in discussing the importance and gravity of separation is death. Death is a social phenomenon that has been in the society since time immemorial. Humans feel pain whenever they lose their loved ones to death. John Donne thus compares the pain his separation creates to that of his death (Carey 54). He does the same with The Flea in which he discusses sexual sin. Sex just as death in the Legacy has been a part of humanity since time immemorial. People attach immense importance to sexual relations and so does John Donne in the poem. The persona in the poem tries to convince a woman to sleep with him and in doing so; the persona explains his belief in relation to sexual intercourse. He for example explains that during the intercourse their blood would mingle thus making them one. In composing the poem, the author discusses several social and physical phenomena that help describe the nature of his society. One of such is Christianity, religion. By personifying the flea, the poet represents the trinity a basis of the Christianity. He uses the flea and its blood sucking nature to portray the mingling of human blood during sexual intercourse. Poems have natural features that help them qualify as such. As a renowned poet, John Donne portrays immense understanding of the structure and features of poetry thus employ them effectively. Among the important features of poetry and poems is the need for rhythm. Rhythm refers to the specific sound patterns that poems have thus making their recital easier. The poet employs different poetic elements in establishing rhythm in his poems. Among the most evident elements, he uses are rhymes and the use of chorus among many others. Rhymes are an essential aspect of poems that help develop the rhythm thus making recital of poems easier. The poetic element refers to the use of words with similar sound patterns in the lines of a stan za. The words placed at the end of the lines should have similar sound patterns during pronunciation thus helping recite the poems as they lead the audience from a line to the next. Rhymes thus have patterns and The Flea has one definite rhyme patterns throughout the entire poem. The first two lines end in a similarly sounding word as so are the second two lines as the poem progresses. Such a pattern is known as the aa, bb, cc, dd, ee. The poet creates the

Teachers evaluation of Interactive Whiteboards technology in Second Dissertation

Teachers evaluation of Interactive Whiteboards technology in Second Language Classroom - Dissertation Example In terms of preference, the standard deviation was only 1.01 which again is very close to the mean showing that most of the student preferred the use of IWB. All these observations show that the students are quite receptive to the use of IWB. However, in terms of usability and effectiveness of IWB in learning, the SD on the number of the student who were of the view that IWB is not always successful in bring about effective learning was .825 which is higher. This implies that although it has been seen to facilitate learning and a good motivation, there is need to review it further in order to increase its success. Teachers’ Responses to the Questionnaire Items Instructional Effect of IWB statement mean SD Q1, IWB helps me to manage Instructional time effectively 90%instructional time Effectively 3.10 .718 Q2, I think the lessons become more effective with IWB 3.20 .696 Q3,IWB facilitates the classroom management for me 92 8 Q4, IWB helps my lessons be more interactive 3.05 .68 6 Q5, IWB facilitates discussions on the content in class 2.95 .686 Q6, There is no time for my students to get around to using an IWB* 2.75 .639 Q7, IWB provides advantages to me to make course content more visual 3.25 .716 Q8, The way I give instruction has been changed since I began to use an IWB 2.95 .759 Q9, IWB helps me to use the computer and projector more effectively than before 3.30 .733 Motivational Effect of IWB Statement Mean SD Q15, I enjoy teaching with an IWB prepared for instruction 3.05 .887 Q16, Because of using an IWB, I feel myself more prepared for instruction 2.75 .851 Q17, I notice my IWB skills are improving day by day 2.85 .813 Q18, Learning how to use an IWB is essential to me 3.15 .813 Q17, IWB makes my courses more enjoyable to the students 3.05 .759... The study involved an observation of the interactions between the teachers and the learners in a lesson where the IWB were utilized. The utilizing of the board by students who were of a younger age was seen to be important in their enjoyment of the lesson. For instance, a class was observed while the teacher was using the smart board for game activity. Some students were exited to interact while others didn’t show any interest. It was observed that students who had not used the device previously were easily distracted from the main content that the teachers taught. However, students who had been instructed using the IWB more than one were observed to learn more from the interactive lesson. All in all, teachers were using the interactive white board in almost all kind of courses, levels and skills. When observing the use of the IWB in the classroom, it was observed that this technology can be used in the teaching/ learning in various ways. It provided multimedia learning that i s conducted through activities such as manipulation of images and texts, note making in digital ink, group viewing of websites and saving notes that can be retrieved via website, print or email. It can also be used to illustrate the use of certain software without having to move to the individual learner.

Selecting sanitary landfill site location and its factors that are suitable for the place

Selecting sanitary landfill site location and its factors that are suitable for the place CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction This chapter describes research that had been undertaken on selecting sanitary landfill site location and its factors that are suitable for the place. This literatures also included the models that can be used to predict the best location and also about the relation between and models and the GIS application. 2.2 Solid waste Solid wastes are all the wastes arising from human and animal activities that are normally solid and are discarded as useless or unwanted (Tchobanoglous et al., 1993). Solid waste also is the term to describe non-liquid waste materials from the public (Nair et al., 2007). Solid waste is one of the three major environmental problems in Malaysia and it plays a significant role in the ability of Nature to sustain life within its capacity (http://www.gecnet.info, 2002). Currently, over 23,000 tonnes of waste is produced each day in Malaysia. However, this amount is expected to rise to 30,000 tonnes by the year 2020 (Manaf et al., 2009). From that amount, only less than 5% of the waste is being recycled (http://www.gecnet.info, 2002). Based on study from Manaf et al., (2009) in Malaysia, there were three major categories of solid waste and each category is under the responsibility of a different government department. For municipal solid waste, it is the responsibility under Ministry of Housing and Local Government (MHLG). Department of Environmennt (DOE) will arranged the schedule or hazardous waste and the clinical waste is under the Ministry of Health (MOH). 2.3 Sanitary Landfill Landfill selection in an urban area is a critical issue in the urban planning process because of its enormous impact on the economy, ecology and the environmental health of the region (Akbari et al., 2008). As day from day, the growths of urbanization as well as the desire to live in cities, larger amount of wastes are produced and unfortunately the solid waste management problem became bigger (Akbari et al., 2008). Land filling has been used for many years as the most common method for the disposal of solid waste generated by different communities (Komilis et al., 1999). As Zyma (1990) mentioned that numerous factors have to be evaluated in order to place a landfill and then this adequate landfill should have minimum environmental impacts and social acceptance. Besides, an adequate landfill should be in accordance with the respective regulations (Zyma 1990). Yesilnacar and Cetin (2005) studies that the site selection procedure, however, should make maximum use of the available information and ensure that the outcome of the process is acceptable to most stakeholders. The planning and design of a solid waste landfill management system involves selection of treatment and disposal facilities, allocation of solid wastes and waste residues from the generator to the treatment and disposal sites, and selection of transportation routes (Yesilnacar and Cetin, 2005). Furthermore, many potential criteria, such as distance from residential areas, distance from main roads, investment costs, availability of solid waste, and land slope must be considered in the selection procedure of a landfill location . Landfill sitting also is a difficult and complex process requiring evaluation of many different criteria (Chang et al. 2007) since it has to combine environmental, economic and social factors. Environmental factors are very important because the landfill may affect the environment and the ecology of the surrounding area (Siddiqui et al. 1996; Kontos et al. 2003; Erkut and Moran 1991). Consideration of economic factors for landfills, it includes the costs development, operation of the site and also transportation of the waste (Delgado et al. 2008; Erkut and Moran 1991; Kontos et al. 2003). Social and political opposition to landfill siting have been indicated as the greatest obstacle for successfully locating waste disposal facilities (Lober 1995). The Not In My Backyard (NIMBY) and Not In Anyones Backyard (NIABY) phenomena (Chang et al. 2008; Kao and Lin 1996; Erkut and Moran 1991; Kontos et al. 2003; Lin and Kao 2005) are becoming popular nowadays because it create big problem to de cision maker to choose the suitable place for sanitary landfill while nowadays is encounter insufficient of suitable land. It is evident that many factors must be consider in making decision for sanitary landfill sitting and geographic information systems (GIS) is an ideal tools for this kind of preliminary studies due to their ability to manage large volumes of spatial data from a variety of sources (Sener et al. 2006). 2.4 Geographical Information System Geographic information system (GIS) is a computerize database management system that designed to manage large volumes of spatially distributed data from a variety of sources (Charnpratheep et al., 1997). They are ideal for advanced site-selection studies because they efficiently store, retrieve, analyze, and display information according to user-defined specifications (Kao et al., 1997). GIS has been extensively used to facilitate and lower the cost of the landfill site-selection process (Sener et al., 2006). GIS often been employed for the siting and placement of facilities (Church, 2002). GIS has emerged as a very important tool for land use suitability analysis (Malczewski, 2004). GIS also can recognize, correlate and analyze the spatial relationship between mapped phenomena, thereby enabling policy-makers to link disparate sources of information, perform sophisticated analysis, visualize trends, project outcomes and strategize long-term planning goals (Malczewski, 2004). GIS as a box of tools for handling geographical data is very useful, however, the list of tools provided by GIS although impressive is not complete. For example in most GIS packages spatial analytical functionality, lies mainly in the ability to perform deterministic overlay and buffer functions (Carver, 1991). Such abilities whilst ideal for performing spatial searches based on nominally mapped criteria, are of limited use when multiple criteria and targets, such as in the case of landfills selection, are applied (Jeff and Baxter, 1996). The integration of GIS with analytical techniques will be a valuable addition in GIS toolbox. Progress in this area is inevitable and future developments will continue to place increasing emphasis upon the analytical capabilities of GIS (Fotheringham and Rogerson, 1994). GIS have the capability to handle and simulate the necessary economic, environmental, social, technical, and political constraints. Many of the attributes involved in the process of selection of sanitary landfill sites have a spatial representation, which in the last few years has motivated the predominance of geographical approaches that allow for the integration of multiple attributes using geographic information systems (Kontos et al. 2003; Sarptas et al. 2005; Sener et al. 2006; Gomez-Delgado and Tarantola 2006; Delgado et al. 2008; Chang et al. 2008). Site selection procedures can benefit from the appropriate use of GIS. Common benefits of GIS include its ability to: (a) capture, store, and manage spatially referenced data; (b) provide massive amounts of spatially referenced input data and perform analysis of the data; (c) perform sensitivity and optimization analysis easily; and (d) communicate model results (Vatalis and Manoliadis 2002). GIS also provides a spatial framework to land use analysis and it has been recognized as a useful decision support technology. The role of GIS is to generate a set of feasible solutions representing the relative land suitability with respect to any given map layers and to display it. Nevertheless, it does not provide means to deal with multiple decision factors. There has been a recent trend to integrate GIS with other software for better decision making in planning. 2.5 Previous Study on GIS in Sanitary Landfill Site Selection 2.5.1 Case Study in Iran (Akbari et al., 2008) According to Akbari et al., (2008) a good waste disposal area has few characteristics such as it should be away from the place which has the history of flooding. From previous study done by Allen et al., (2001), landuse, road and other environmental factor must be considered in selecting the suitable waste disposal area. In this study, raster-based and vector-based is used to identify potential waste sites based on suitability of topography and proximity to geographic features (Kier et al.,1993). In locating the suitable waste disposal area, this study was concern about public health. According to first stage, Akbari et al. (2008) in considering the high rate of urbanization, one should take the long term land use planning of suburbs into consideration to locate the disposal area. In this study also, Akbari et al. (2008) use the combining method. In the first stage, GIS used as the method to predict some of the unacceptable area based on criteria. Then, the study continues the analyzing by using fuzzy multicriteria decision making (Zadeh, 1965). For the parameter in this study, most of the criteria that has been used follow the previous study such as proper heigt and slope, faults, surface water sources, water wells, urban and rural area, agriculture area, road networks and coastal zone (Kamariah, 1998; Halvadakis, 1993; Vassiloglou, 2001) Result for this study as almost based on the second stage which is using Fuzzy Multicriteria Decision Making (Zadeh, 1965). FMCDM method is therefore chosen for ranking different landfill sites based on decisions given by a group of experts (Chang et al., 2007). 2.5.2 Case Study in China (Wang et al., 2008) GIS used as the main system in designing the suitable places for the sanitary landfill site. GIS has been extensively used to facilitate and lower the cost of the sanitary landfill site-selection process (Charnpratheep et al., 1997). Some of the siting technique combine GIS with the multiple criteria analysis (Kao and Lin, 1996; Lin and Kao, 1998) and for this case study, Wang et al., (2008) choose to use Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) as a decision making technique. Actually, AHP is often used to compare the relative suitability of a small number of alternatives concerning the overall goal (Wang et al., 2008). In this study, the criteria that been used is based on the relevant International literature (Kontos et al., 2005; Al-Jarrah and Abu-Qdais, 2006; Sener et al., 2006) and also regulation in China. For the criteria, Wang et al., (2008) split into two groups which is environmental criteria that limit to geographical areas. The second group is about economic factors. As mention in journal, the criteria that has been used for selecting suitable site are residential area, surface water bodies, ground waters, airport areas, land uses, slopes of land surface and roads. Wang et al., (2008) use the price of the land as the economic factor in selecting suitable site. Other criterion for the economic factor is the cost for the transportation. They lower the transportation cost by deciding the waste production center should be 500m from the main road. According to Wang et al., (2008) economic factor is important for developing countries and should be considered for solid waste landfill. From the overall study, integration of GIS with the multi criteria evaluation technique, AHP can be the best method for completing in selecting suitable site for the sanitary landfill. AHP gives some advantage for the user because it can provide large and many data in selecting suitable site (Charnpratheep et al., 1997; Chang et al., 2008). AHP also provided great flexibility in the aggregation procedure (Wang et al., 2008). 2.5.3 Case Study in India (Sumathi, 2005) In this case study, Sumathi et al, (2005) use the combination of GIS method and also MCDA or Multi Criteria Decision Method. A GIS-based MCDA integrates and transforms spatial and aspatial data into a decision. It involves the utilization of geographical data, the decision makers preferences and the manipulation of data and preferences to arrive at uni-dimensional values of alternatives (Sumathi et al., 2005). Consequently, it may be considered as a rather complex multi-criteria decision making process involving numerous stakeholders and public interest groups. Hipel (1982) proposed an earlier version of multi-criteria modeling incorporating fuzzy set theory to solve solid waste disposal problems in Canada. MCDA have primarily been employed to solve site selection problems in solid waste management (Vuk et al., 1991; Pereira and Duckstein, 1993; Hokkanen and Salminen, 1994, 1997). Kontos et al. (2005) described a methodology which comprises several methods from different scientific fields such as multiple criteria analysis, geographic information systems, spatial analysis and spatial statistics to evaluate the suitability of the study region in order to optimally site a landfill. Padmaja et al. (2006) identified a solid waste disposal site in Hyderabad city using an analytical hierarchy process and GIS. The criteria that has been used in this case study are, lake and ponds, rivers, water supply sources, groundwater table, groundwater quality, infiltration, air quality index, geology, fault line, elevation, land use, habitation, highways and sensitive sites. 2.5.4 Case Study in Sabah, Malaysia (Lunkapis, 2004) Study in Sabah by Lunkapis (2004) is using Geographical Information System (GIS) as decision support tool for landfills siting. Using only GIS as a tool for selecting landfill site still can give the ideal sites. From this study, the criteria used for this study is determine by following the guidelines produced by the Ministry of Environment Malaysia in 1995 and also the collaboration with the Sandakan Spatial Planning Working Group. In this study also, Lunkapis (2004) used the two major criteria which are constraints and factor that has been used for an ideal siting of landfills. The constraints were related to roads, open water, protected areas, urban, rural residential areas, soil permeability and soil type, land use and distance to transportation routes (Lunkapis, 2004). In this project, there were some problems regarding management issue and budget allocation. On one hand the advocate proposed that the existing landfill should be maintained due to the lack of funding to open a new one (Lunkapis, 2004). Lunkapis (2004) also said that the existing dumping site were large enough to cater for many years to come and the only requirement was the budget must be allocated for better management and maintainance. 2.6 Combining GIS with other method 2.6.1 GIS with Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) Siddiqui et al. (1996) were the first to combine geographic information system (GIS) and AHP procedure to aid in site selection. Similarly, Charnpratheep et al. (1997) utilized fuzzy set theory with GIS for the screening of landfill sites in Thailand. Chang et al. (2008) combined GIS and fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making for landfill siting in the suburban area of the City of Harlingen. Nema and Gupta (1999) proposed an improved formulation based on a multi-objective integer programming approach to reach the optimal configuration of a regional hazardous waste management system. Ishizaka and Tanaka (2003) discussed the risk for the waste disposal system in Japan, is considering public conflict in the site selection process. Recently, several publications have tackled landfill siting problems using GIS and multi-criteria analysis or intelligent system approaches in Greece, Turkey, and Jordan (Vatalis and Manoliadis, 2002; Kontos et al., 2005; Al-Jarrah and Abu-Qdais, 2005; Sener et al., 2006; Wang et al., 2008). 2.6.2 GIS with Multi Criteria Evaluation (MCE) Multi-criteria evaluation (MCE) is used to deal with the difficulties that decision makers encounter in handling large amounts of complex information. The principle of the method is to divide the decision problems into more smaller understandable parts, analyze each part separately, and then integrate the parts in a logical manner (Malczewski 1997). The integration of GIS and MCE is a powerful tool to solve the landfill site selection problem because GIS provide efficient manipulation and presentation of the data and MCE supplies consistent ranking of the potential landfill areas based on a variety of criteria (Sener et al. 2006). Higgs (2006) reported the potential of integrating multi-criteria techniques with GIS in waste facility location and documented through a review of the existing literature to highlight the opportunities and challenges facing decision makers at different stages of the waste facility management process. Vatalis and Manoliadis (2002) used GIS digital map overlay techniques in order to find the suitable landfill sites in Western Macedonia, Greece. Differing siting constraints were considered, and numerical and qualitative criteria were applied in their investigation. The resulting alternative sites were also evaluated using multi-criteria evaluation models. Lin and Kao (1998) developed a model which was applicable for vector-based data. Integrated with a GIS, the model was capable of processing digital spatial data to facilitate landfill siting analysis. Leao et al. (2001) described a method to quantify the relationship between the demand and supply of suitable land for waste disposal over time, using GIS and modeling techniques. Allen et al. (2003) have studied the development of a GIS model for locating landfill sites, an Interreg IIC funded by EU research project and conducted by a team of Irish and Portuguese engineering geologists, civil engineers, and GIS experts from universiti es and local government. The primary objective of the project has been reported so as to establish a transferable, trans-national GIS site selection framework that could be applicable throughout the European Union, thus creating a GIS landfill model for the location of new landfill sites over the next few years. 2.6.3 GIS with System Simulation Model (SSM) A performance-based design approach can provide more efficient and cost-effective solutions. Selection of landfill design components satisfying some predefined performance criteria is possible using geographic information systems (GIS) and system simulation models (SSM). Recently, with the help of new developments in the area of software technologies, integration of GIS and SSM technologies into expert systems or decision support systems has become important for landfill design applications (Lukasheh et al. 2001). GIS can efficiently handle databases and perform queries to analyze geographic data to be classified geologically and hydrogeologically, which can help landfill site selection (Lukasheh et al. 2001; Dorhofer and Siebert 1998). SSM like hydrogeologic evaluation of landfill performance (HELP) were developed to assist in the design of landfill elements. The integration of GIS and SSM in one unified system is stated to provide an interface for data storage, database access, and data display using the GIS and allow a single designer to accomplish a complete design and evaluation and provide with a predictive tool using SSMs (Lukasheh et al. 2001). 2.7 Chapter summary Based on this chapter, the most method that has been used by previous research is combining Geographical Information System (GIS) and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). Basically, using only GIS software is enough to predict suitable places for sanitary landfill site. But to get more exact value for prediction, combining with the AHP is better. This is because AHP can combine many criteria in one time. More than that, using AHP can make the criteria that been use for prediction more flexibility depends on the scaling weighting. Combing GIS with AHP also is a better method because if use GIS only, the raw data may only came from map, but AHP can join map and also other data such as economic factor as the scaling weighting.

Seven Major Changes in the Workplace

Running head: SEVEN MAJOR CHANGES IN THE WORKPLACE Seven Major Changes in the Workplace Seven Major Changes in the Workplace With the ever-growing population and technological changes many employers are going to have to adapt. Robert Barner highlights seven major changes that will affect the places where we work, both for the employer and employee (Kreitner, 2004, p. 76). The seven major changes are (1) The virtual organization (2) The just-in-time workforce (3) The ascendancy of knowledge workers (4) Computerized coaching and electronic monitoring (5) The growth of worker diversity (6) The aging workforce and (7) The birth of the dynamic workforce (Kreitner, p. 76). I will discuss how these seven changes major changes will affect the managers at my company, Blake Inc. The Virtual Organization We are living in a time where technology is in the forefront. Things are constantly changing and companies must be able to keep up with it. Right now in my company my managers are scrambling to keep up with the constantly changing technological world. Managers are now being set up with access to their computers from home. So if they are unable to come in to work or need to leave early they can still communicate with us. They can do everything from home that they can do at the office. They are also working on a plan, in case of an emergency or the office building is no longer usable that we can set up shop somewhere else within 48 hours. My manager is also setting up a web site that will be accessible by all employees to get update information concerning the company, such as business decisions, software help and 24 hour technical support. The Just-In-Time Workforce At Blake we are aligned with Temp Agencies that are able to supply us with workers at a moments notice. My managers know that must be able to meet high demands. They also set up incentives for employees wishing to put in extra work. They understand that is better to have people who know the business to do the work rather than a temp who really has no interest or knowledge in the company. The Ascendancy of Knowledge Workers Now more than ever it is important that companies hire very knowledgeable people. My managers are now trying to hire more people with a technical or analytical background to help with reports and other information needed by employees. Employees must know what they want and what they need so that they can effectively communicate this to the technical staff. Also, the managers at Blake must be able to step up and jump in when needed. This means they must know their job and all aspects of the company. The managers must know the responsibilities of each of their employees and make sure that their employees are knowledgeable as well. We have recently been asked to create a manual entailing our job responsibilities so that if something happens someone else will have knowledge of what we do. Computerized Coaching and Electronic Monitoring Being an internet-based company all employees has access to a wealth of information through the intranet. From the intranet you can look up other employees, find customer information such as contracts and orders placed, to information on employee benefits. At Blake employees just found out that their internet access was truly being monitored. Upon finding this out Managers took away internet access from all employees in which it is not a job necessity. This did not go well with employees as they felt as though their privacy was being invaded. As a supervisor I had to make sure that my employees had access to the websites they needed but nothing more. Employees feel that they are not trusted and treated like babies. Managers at Blake must be careful not to alienate employees in order to try and gain more efficiency. The Growth of Worker Diversity Blake employs a very diversified group of people. In fact some employees can barely speak English well. At times it gets kind of hard to understand them. My Managers must work hard not to alienate any one group of people. Every employee must be given the same chance to excel. They also must be proactive in learning about each group’s backgrounds and or culture as to not offend anyone. Managers at Blake are becoming more understanding o different beliefs and cultures and do not punish people for partaking (taking a day off) in these beliefs. The Aging Workforce Managers at Blake encourage continuing education. In fact anyone who wishes to go to school can do so for free, it is mentioned on our website how they will provide up to $50,000 for each employee towards their education. Education is encouraged whether you are young or old. Managers really respect the older employees because the hold so much knowledge and experience, so they must be careful not to quickly replace them with a younger face. It is important to have a good mix, as not all young college grads are a good fit as not all older people are. The Birth of the Dynamic Workforce Blake managers must work to be more encouraging. They will have to be able to motivate employees and encourage cross training. Employees must be able to help out in other departments when needed. Slow times in one department may mean a chaotic time in another. Being able to meet the demands in the high productivity department and use workers from the slow department can decrease cost. Managers must be able to think ahead in order to keep up with competition and stay ahead of the game. Blake is a pretty good company to work for but has been behind the times for a while. My managers are proactively trying to keep up with industry standards. This has caused a lot of revamping and the recruiting of more knowledgeable employees. Blake Managers understand that if they want to stay in business they must come to terms with the changes in the 21st century. Reference Kreitner, R. (2004). Management (9th ed. ). Boston, NY: Houghton Mifflin Company.

Analyzing the Buyer Decision Process by interviewing two consumers

The buyer decision process is like an imaginary process that the consumer undergoes in buying a product or a service. This process happens before, during, and after purchasing the product or a service. The concept of this process says that a consumer undergoes different ‘stages’ whenever he is involved in a transaction of a product or service. These stages include Need recognition, Information search, Evaluation of Alternatives, Purchase decision, and Post purchase behavior (Kotler, 1999). Recognition of the consumer’s needs can be caused by internal or external stimuli.Examples of internal stimuli are a person’s needs such as thirst and hunger. External stimuli, on the other hand, consist of advertisements, slogans, magazines etc (Kotler, 1999). In the case of Person A, she saw the ice cream in a poster and that’s what made her buy the particular ice cream because it looks delicious. Person B, on the other hand, bought the ice cream simply because s he felt the need of cold food because of the climate. In that situation, Person A’s need of ice cream is caused by an external stimulus while Person B’s need is caused by an internal stimulus.By analyzing the answers of the interviewees, we can say that climate and advertising are one of the factors that influenced the buying behavior of the two consumers. Information about the product can be made known by the consumer through personal, commercial, public, and experiential sources. Personal sources can be family, friends, and close relatives. These are actually the most effective source of information. An example of a commercial source is a salesperson. Usually, most of the information about the product can be made known through this kind of source.Public sources include mass media. Experiential sources exist when the consumer already tried the product, or experienced it (Kotler, 1999). When asked about their source of information about the ice cream, Person A said tha t she saw the ice cream in a poster while Person B answered that a friend told her that the particular ice cream tastes good. Person A’s source is belongs to Public sources while Person B’s source belongs to Personal sources. When asked about the importance of their source, Person A said that her source is not really that important.On the other hand, Person B said that her source is important (her source is her friend) because the ice cream was recommended by her friend and that she trusts her friend. The next step in the process is the evaluation of alternatives. In this stage, the consumer evaluates the features of the products and many other factors (Kotler, 1999). Person A said that before buying the ice cream, he considered the price, the flavor, and if she will be satisfied after consuming the product. The same thing goes for person B. She also said that she considered the product price, flavor, and her satisfaction afterwards.When asked how they evaluated these alternatives, they said that they just look at the product and the information that comes with it. In this case, the buying behavior of the consumers is influenced by the product’s features. The purchase intention is the consumer’s want to purchase her most preferred kind of the product (Kotler, 1999). Person B said that in deciding what flavor of ice cream to buy, she just looks at the flavors and recalls about her experiences about these flavors. Person A answered just the same as Person B. Person A said that she chose vanilla because it is her personal favorite.Person B said that she is in the mood for chocolate that is why she chose that particular flavor. In this case, factors that influenced the buying behavior of the consumers are experience, personal choice, and mood/emotion. Post purchase behavior is like the evaluation of the consumer after purchasing the product or a service (Kotler, 1999). In the end, the consumer can be satisfied or dissatisfied. When aske d about describing their level of satisfaction, both interviewees answered that their level of satisfaction is high and that they were both satisfied. Why?Because the outcome of their purchase met their expectations. Many other factors might have affected the buying behavior of the two consumers. Demographics might have also contributed on the purchase of the ice cream. Since there are 3 ice cream parlors in located near the consumers’ place, demographics might also have affected their purchase. If there are no ice cream parlors in the place, they may not be able to purchase ice cream. Reference: Kotler, P. (1999). Principles of marketing. Retrieved April 30, 2007, 2007, from http//:cas. uah. edu/berkowd/webpage/MKT600/KOTCHA05. PPT

War of 1812 - Causes

War of 1812 - Causes Having won its independence in 1783, the United States soon found itself a minor power without the protection of the British flag. With the security of the Royal Navy removed, American shipping soon began falling prey to privateers from Revolutionary France and the Barbary pirates. These threats were met during the undeclared Quasi-War with France (1798-1800) and First Barbary War (1801-1805). Despite success in these minor conflicts, American merchant ships continued to be harassed by both the British and the French. Engaged in a life-or-death struggle in Europe the two nations actively sought to prevent the Americans from trading with their enemy. In addition, as it depended upon the Royal Navy for military success, the British followed a policy of impressment to meet its growing manpower needs. This saw British warships stop American merchant vessels at sea and remove American sailors from their ships for service in the fleet. Though angered by the actions of Britain and France, t he United States lacked the military power to halt these transgressions. The Royal Navy Impressment The largest navy in the world, the Royal Navy was actively campaigning in Europe by blockading French ports as well as maintaining a military presence across the vast British Empire. This saw the size of the fleet grow to over 170 ships of the line and required in excess of 140,000 men. While volunteer enlistments generally met the services manpower needs during peacetime, the expansion of the fleet during times of conflict required the employment of other methods to sufficiently crew its vessels. To provide enough sailors, the Royal Navy was permitted a follow a policy of impressment which allowed it to draft into immediate service any able-bodied, male British subject. Often captains would send press gangs to round up recruits from pubs and brothels in British ports or from British merchant ships. The long arm of impressment also reached onto the decks of neutral commercial vessels, including those of the United States. British warships made a frequent habit of stopping neutral shi pping to inspect crew lists and remove British sailors for military service. Though the law required impressed recruits to be British citizens, this status was loosely interpreted. Many American sailors had been born in Britain and became naturalized American citizens. Despite possession of citizenship certificates, this naturalized status was often not recognized by the British and many American sailors were seized under the simple criterion of Once an Englishman, always an Englishman. Between 1803 and 1812, approximately 5,000-9,000 American sailors were forced into the Royal Navy with as many as three-quarters being legitimate American citizens. Heightening the tensions  was the practice of the Royal Navy stationing vessels off American ports with orders to search ships for contraband and men who could be impressed. These searches frequently took place in American territorial waters. Though the American government repeatedly protested the practice, British Foreign Secretary Lord Harrowby contemptuously wrote in 1804, The pretention advanced by Mr. [Secre tary of State James] Madison that the American flag should protect every individual on board of a merchant ship is too extravagant to require any serious refutation. The Chesapeake-Leopard Affair Three years later, the impressment issue resulted in a serious incident between the two nations. In the spring of 1807, several sailors deserted from HMS Melampus (36 guns) while the ship was at Norfolk, VA. Three of the deserters then enlisted aboard the frigate USS Chesapeake (38) which was then fitting out for a patrol in the Mediterranean. Upon learning of this, the British consul at Norfolk demanded that Captain Stephen Decatur, commanding the navy yard at Gosport, return the men. This was refused as was a request to Madison who believed the three men to be Americans. Subsequent affidavits later confirmed this, and the men claimed they had been impressed. The tensions were heightened when rumors circulated that other British deserters were part of Chesapeakes crew. Learning of this, Vice Admiral George C. Berkeley, commanding the North American station, instructed any British warship that encountered Chesapeake to stop it and search for deserters from HMS  Belleisle (74), HMSà ‚  Bellona (74), HMS  Triumph (74), HMS  Chichester (70), HMS  Halifax (24), and HMS  Zenobia (10). On June 21, 1807, HMS Leopard (50) hailed Chesapeake shortly after it cleared the Virginia Capes. Sending a Lieutenant John Meade as messenger to the American ship, Captain Salusbury Humphreys demanded that the frigate be searched for deserters. This request was flatly refused by Commodore James Barron who ordered the to ship be prepared for battle. As the ship possessed a green crew and the decks were cluttered with supplies for an extended cruise, this procedure moved slowly. After several minutes of shouted conversation between Humphreys and Barron, Leopard fired a warning shot, then a full broadside into the unready American ship. Unable to return fire, Barron struck his colors with three men dead and eighteen wounded. Refusing the surrender, Humphreys sent across a boarding party which removed the three men as well as Jenkin Ratford who had deserted from Halifax. Taken to Halifax, Nova Scotia, Ratford was later hung on August 31 while the other three were sentenced to 500 lashes each (this was later commuted). In the wake of the Chesapeake-Leopard Affair an outraged American public called for war and President Thomas Jefferson to defend the nations honor. Pursuing a diplomatic course instead, Jefferson closed American waters to British warships, secured the release of the three seamen, and demanded an end to impressment. While the British did pay compensation for the incident, the practice of impressment continued unabated. On May 16, 1811, USS President (58) engaged HMS Little Belt (20) in what is sometimes considered a retaliatory attack for the Chesapeake-Leopard Affair.  The incident followed an encounter between HMS Guerriere (38) and USS Spitfire (3) off Sandy Hook that resulted in an American sailor being impressed. Encountering Little Belt near the Virginia Capes, Commodore John Rodgers gave chase in belief the British vessel was Guerriere. After an extended pursuit, the two vessels exchanged fire around 10:15 PM. Following the engagement, both sides repeatedly argued that the ot her had fired first. Issues of Neutral Trade While the impressment issue caused problems, tensions were further heightened due to Britain and Frances behavior regarding neutral trade. Having effectively conquered Europe but lacking the naval strength to invade Britain, Napoleon sought to cripple the island nation economically. To this end he issued the Berlin Decree in November 1806 and instituted the Continental System which made all trade, neutral or otherwise, with Britain illegal. In response, London issued the Orders in Council on November 11, 1807, which closed European ports to trade and barred foreign ships from entering them unless they first called at a British port and paid customs duties. To enforce this, the Royal Navy tightened its blockade of the Continent. Not to be outdone, Napoleon responded with his Milan Decree a month later which stipulated that any ship that followed the British rules would be considered British property and seized. As a result, American shipping became prey for both sides. Riding the wave of outrage that followed the Chesapeake-Leopard Affair, Jefferson implemented the Embargo Act of 1807 on December 25. This act effectively ended American foreign trade by prohibiting American ships from calling at overseas ports. Though drastic, Jefferson hoped to end the threat to American vessels by removing them from the oceans while depriving Britain and France of American goods. The act failed to achieve his goal of pressuring the European superpowers and instead severely crippled the American economy. By December 1809, it was replaced with the Non-Intercourse Act which allowed overseas trade, but not with Britain and France. This still failed to change their policies. A final revision was issued in 1810 which removed all embargoes, but stated that if one nation stopped attacks on American ships, the United States would begin an embargo against the other. Accepting this offer, Napoleon promised Madison, now president, that neutral rights would honored. This agreement further angered the British despite the fact that the French reneged and continued seizing neutral ships. War Hawks Expansion in the West In the years following the American Revolution, settlers pushed west across the Appalachians to form new settlements. With the creation of the Northwest Territory in 1787, increasing numbers moved to the present-day states of Ohio and Indiana pressuring the Native Americans in those areas to move. Early resistance to white settlement led to conflicts and in 1794 an American army defeated the Western Confederacy at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. Over the next fifteen years, government agents such Governor William Henry Harrison negotiated various treaties and land deals to push the Native Americans farther west. These actions were opposed by several Native American leaders, including the Shawnee chief Tecumseh. Working to build a confederacy to oppose the Americans, he accepted aid from the British in Canada and promised an alliance should war occur. Seeking to break the confederacy before it could fully form, Harrison defeated Tecumsehs brother, Tenskwatawa, at the Battle of Tippecano e on November 7, 1811. During this period, settlement on the frontier faced a constant threat of Native American raids. Many believed these were encouraged and supplied by the British in Canada. The actions of the Native Americans worked to advance British goals in the region which called for the creation of a neutral Native American state that would serve as a buffer between Canada and the United States. As a result, resentment and dislike of the British, further fueled by events at sea, burned brightly in the west where a new group of politicians known as the War Hawks began to emerge. Nationalistic in spirit, they desired war with Britain to end the attacks, restore the nations honor, and possibly to expel the British from Canada. The leading light of the War Hawks was Henry Clay of Kentucky, who was elected to the House of Representatives in 1810. Having already served two brief terms in the Senate, he was immediately elected Speaker of the House and transformed the position into one of power. In Congr ess, Clay and the War Hawk agenda were supported by individuals such as John C. Calhoun (South Carolina), Richard Mentor Johnson (Kentucky), Felix Grundy (Tennessee), and George Troup (Georgia). With Clay guiding debate, he ensured that Congress moved down the road to war. Too Little, Too Late Seizing upon the issues of impressment, Native American attacks, and the seizure of American ships, Clay and his cohorts clamored for war in early 1812, despite the countrys lack of military preparedness. Though believing that the capture of Canada would be simple task, efforts were made to expand the army but without great success. In London, the government of King George III was largely preoccupied with Napoleons invasion of Russia. Though the American military was weak, the British did not wish to fight a war in North America in addition to the larger conflict in Europe. As a result, Parliament began debating repealing the Orders in Council and normalizing trade relations with the United States. This culminated in their suspension on June 16 and removal on June 23. Unaware of developments in London due to the slowness of communication, Clay led the debate for war in Washington. It was a reluctant action and the nation failed to unite in a single call for war. In some places, people even debated who to fight: Britain or France. On June 1, Madison submitted his war message, which focused on maritime grievances, to Congress. Three days later, the House voted for war, 79 to 49. Debate in the Senate was more extensive with efforts made to limit the scope of the conflict or delay a decision. These failed and on June 17, the Senate reluctantly voted 19 to 13 for war. The closest war vote in the history of country, Madison signed the declaration the next day. Summing up the debate seventy-five years later, Henry Adams wrote, Many nations go to war in pure gayety of heart, but perhaps the United States were the first to force themselves into a war they dreaded, in hope that the war itself might create the spirit they lacked.

Politcal Disagreements essays

Politcal Disagreements essays Of the three widely analyzed revolutions in history-the French, Russian and American-the American Revolution shed by far the least amount of blood. The reason for this is believed to be that, unlike the spontaneous peasant uprisings of the French and Russian revolutions, the American Revolution was truly a concept war. The ideals of the French and Russian revolutions did not come to light until after their spontaneous sparks, but on the other hand, the revolutionaries in America used the legal disagreements with Britain and applied it with increasing force as the tension between mother and daughter (England and America) grew, until finally physical conflict erupted. At this point, the revolutionaries had already won the war because they had changed the general publics conception of Britain and the nature of the colonies struggle with her. When the mother, England, proposed taxes on their imports, etc., many educated American scholars wrote documents opposing them. For example, George Washington wrote in a letter to Bryan Fairfax on July 20, 1774, I think the Parliament of Great Britain hath no more right to put their hands into my pockets, without my consent, than I have to put my hands into yours for money... What he means by this is that consent is necessary for Parliament to pass taxes on the colonists, which the colonists obviously did not feel like giving. He also states that asking the British government to reduce taxes is like asking for a favor that we should already be entitled to, but by petitioning, we are claiming a right. The colonists did petition Britains imported goods, indeed. In fact, according to document 2, during or after each Act that Britain passed, the amount of goods imported from Britain declined, especially after the Intolerable Acts. But according the George Grenville, member of Parliament, ...this kingdom has the sovereign, the supreme legislative power over ...

Vision of Byzantine Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Vision of Byzantine Art - Essay Example This particular piece was painted in the year 1293 and is also known as Cavallini’s masterpiece. Cavallini was considered to be a Roman naturalist and was quite influential to other aspiring artists. Pietro mainly remained in Rome and is said to have lived to have been a hundred years ol at his time of death. Certainly, Byzantine art is otherwise known as Christian or religious-bible based art often depicting Biblical characters including God, the devil and celestial beings such as angels. In the particular piece of Cavallini, the depiction of the concept of the â€Å"last judgment† is depicted. This is of course a Biblically based idea that all humans will stand before God as Saint Peter reads from the book of life to determine who will be admitted into heaven and who will be sentenced to hell for their life-long miss deeds. In much of Byzantine art, saints and important Biblical characters are depicted as wearing an ornate halo type headdress. This is often a symbol of one’s good standing in the Kingdom of God or as more rudimentarily, on the good side. Cavallini’s two individuals are in fact adorned with such halos.

Assay Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Assay - Essay Example None of the nearby shops duplicate any of the services being provided by the pharmacy; it is the only pharmacy in the area and the next pharmacy is located in the next suburb. The Campbell Medical Centre and Campbell Nursing Home complement the services provided by the pharmacy. The nearest public toilet is located in the building where the Campbell Pharmacy is located. The pharmacy is located near the bus stop and taxi ranks making it very convenient for customers and employees to access. A reasonably-sized car park is located in Blaemy Street, which is the main street in Campbell suburban. The Justice of the Peace in the area is also our pharmacist and therefore a very popular and well-respected man in the community. I have chosen this pharmacy because it is very convenient and offers many advantages for learning. From a customer’s perspective, I was able to assess that the pharmacy’s services and conclude that the pharmacy is able to provide a wide-range of retail services like postal services, gift glass wear, and photocopying services; and retail products like skin and hair products. The pharmacy is also able to offer professional health services through its pharmacists and pharmacy assistants. These services are mostly related to medicine intake and health maintenance advice. The pharmacy is able to provide health related products through its first aid program and weight loss promotion program. It is also able to cater to diabetics through its blood-sugar control and blood-sugar testing program. The overall message that I got from the pharmacy in terms of the services and products it offers is that the pharmacy is available and eager to care not just for the customers who are sick, but also for those who seek to maintain their health. The pharmacy also seeks to provide the c ustomers with other services that they need in order to stay